zbern Focus · Federal finances
Where the Confederation’s money comes from and where it goes
Where the Confederation's money comes from, what it spends it on, how much it passes on to others and whom it buys from, from current FFA and FPC data.
Data as of
What the Confederation takes in and spends, and on what
In 2025 the Confederation spent 2.8 times as much in nominal terms as in 1990. Measured against the economy its budget has stayed about the same size: since 1990 it has been around 10% of GDP each year, not counting extraordinary spending.
Since 2003 the debt brake has applied: each year it sets a ceiling on ordinary spending (dashed line), so that over a business cycle spending does not exceed revenue. Extraordinary spending does not count towards it, for example the rescue of UBS in the 2008 financial crisis and the pandemic measures of 2020 and 2021.
Before the debt brake the Confederation ended most years in deficit; since then, most in surplus. In nominal terms federal debt in 2025 was about as high as in 2005, but measured against the economy only just over half as high (15 instead of 25% of GDP). That it has risen again since 2019 is mainly due to this pandemic spending.
Counting all levels of government (Confederation, cantons, municipalities, social insurance), Switzerland's debt was 40.1% of GDP in 2025; half of the OECD countries were above 77.4%.
The same money as in the timeline, broken down for one year: on the left where it comes from, on the right what the Confederation spends it on. “Finance and taxes”, the second-largest area, is mostly money for the cantons: their shares of federal revenue and fiscal equalisation.
Federal revenue, spending, balance and gross debt, CHF billion| Year | Revenue | Spending | Balance | Gross debt | Source |
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| 1990 | 32.7 | 31.6 | +1.1 | 38.5 | State financial statements |
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| 1991 | 33.5 | 35.5 | −2.0 | 43.9 | State financial statements |
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| 1992 | 35.0 | 37.8 | −2.9 | 55.3 | State financial statements |
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| 1993 | 32.8 | 40.6 | −7.8 | 67.5 | State financial statements |
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| 1994 | 36.2 | 41.3 | −5.1 | 75.7 | State financial statements |
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| 1995 | 37.3 | 40.5 | −3.3 | 82.2 | State financial statements |
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| 1996 | 39.5 | 43.8 | −4.4 | 88.4 | State financial statements |
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| 1997 | 38.9 | 44.1 | −5.3 | 97.1 | State financial statements |
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| 1998 | 47.1 | 46.6 | +0.5 | 109.6 | State financial statements |
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| 1999 | 43.0 | 45.7 | −2.6 | 102.3 | State financial statements |
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| 2000 | 51.7 | 47.1 | +4.6 | 108.1 | State financial statements |
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| 2001 | 49.1 | 50.2 | −1.1 | 106.8 | State financial statements |
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| 2002 | 51.1 | 50.7 | +0.4 | 122.4 | State financial statements |
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| 2003 | 47.2 | 50.0 | −2.8 | 123.7 | State financial statements |
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| 2004 | 48.6 | 51.4 | −2.8 | 126.7 | State financial statements |
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| 2005 | 59.7 | 51.4 | +8.3 | 130.3 | State financial statements |
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| 2006 | 58.1 | 52.4 | +5.7 | 123.6 | State financial statements |
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| 2007 | 58.8 | 61.0 | −2.2 | 121.0 | State financial statements |
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| 2008 | 64.2 | 67.7 | −3.6 | 121.8 | State financial statements |
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| 2009 | 68.0 | 58.2 | +9.7 | 110.9 | State financial statements |
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| 2010 | 62.8 | 59.7 | +3.1 | 110.6 | State financial statements |
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| 2011 | 64.5 | 64.3 | +0.2 | 110.5 | State financial statements |
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| 2012 | 63.7 | 61.7 | +2.0 | 112.4 | State financial statements |
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| 2013 | 66.3 | 63.7 | +2.6 | 111.6 | State financial statements |
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| 2014 | 64.1 | 64.0 | +0.1 | 108.8 | State financial statements |
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| 2015 | 68.1 | 65.2 | +2.8 | 103.8 | State financial statements |
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| 2016 | 67.9 | 67.0 | +0.9 | 104.2 | State financial statements |
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| 2017 | 71.0 | 68.2 | +2.8 | 105.2 | State financial statements |
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| 2018 | 73.8 | 70.6 | +3.2 | 99.4 | State financial statements |
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| 2019 | 75.0 | 71.4 | +3.6 | 97.0 | State financial statements |
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| 2020 | 72.0 | 87.8 | −15.8 | 103.6 | State financial statements |
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| 2021 | 76.1 | 88.3 | −12.2 | 108.6 | State financial statements |
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| 2022 | 75.5 | 81.0 | −5.5 | 123.7 | State financial statements |
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| 2023 | 79.6 | 81.0 | −1.4 | 128.1 | State financial statements |
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| 2024 | 84.2 | 84.3 | −0.1 | 129.5 | State financial statements |
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| 2025 | 87.8 | 87.6 | +0.3 | 128.6 | State financial statements |
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| 2026 | 90.4 | 91.1 | −0.7 | 130.7 | Projection |
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| 2027 | 93.7 | 93.8 | −0.1 | 127.7 | Budget or financial plan |
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| 2028 | 98.4 | 97.7 | +0.7 | 127.4 | Budget or financial plan |
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| 2029 | 102.1 | 101.7 | +0.5 | 124.8 | Budget or financial plan |
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| 2030 | 104.6 | 104.3 | +0.3 | 125.8 | Budget or financial plan |
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Federal revenue 2025 by group, CHF billion| Item | CHF billion | Share |
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| Fiscal revenue | 81.7 | 93.0 % |
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| Regalia and concessions | 1.5 | 1.7 % |
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| Charges | 1.2 | 1.4 % |
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| Miscellaneous revenue | 1.1 | 1.2 % |
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| Dividend revenue | 0.7 | 0.8 % |
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| Cantonal contributions | 0.6 | 0.7 % |
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| Financial revenue | 0.6 | 0.7 % |
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| Sale of administrative assets | 0.2 | 0.2 % |
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| Loan repayments | 0.1 | 0.1 % |
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| Repayment of own investment contributions | 0.0 | 0.0 % |
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Federal spending 2025 by task area, CHF billion| Item | CHF billion | Share |
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| Social welfare | 30.0 | 34.3 % |
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| Finance and taxes | 14.2 | 16.2 % |
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| Transport | 11.7 | 13.3 % |
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| Education and research | 8.9 | 10.1 % |
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| Security | 7.2 | 8.2 % |
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| Institutional and financial requirements | 3.7 | 4.3 % |
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| Agriculture and food | 3.7 | 4.2 % |
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| Foreign relations – international cooperation | 3.6 | 4.2 % |
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| Economy | 2.1 | 2.4 % |
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| Environment and spatial planning | 1.5 | 1.7 % |
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| Culture and leisure | 0.6 | 0.7 % |
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| Health | 0.3 | 0.4 % |
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Over the years the weights have shifted. On the revenue side, since 2019 the direct federal tax has brought in more than VAT; before, it was the other way round. On the spending side, since 1990 social welfare has gained the most weight and security has lost the most. In the financial plan the share of security rises again.
Shares of all federal revenue and spending, per cent| Year | Direct federal tax | VAT | Social welfare | Security |
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| 1990 | 20.5 | 30.2 | 21.7 | 19.7 |
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| 1991 | 20.5 | 29.9 | 22.8 | 18.0 |
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| 1992 | 23.9 | 28.1 | 22.8 | 17.1 |
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| 1993 | 24.0 | 28.6 | 27.8 | 14.8 |
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| 1994 | 24.7 | 25.9 | 25.9 | 14.9 |
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| 1995 | 22.1 | 33.3 | 25.2 | 15.1 |
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| 1996 | 22.7 | 30.6 | 29.1 | 13.4 |
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| 1997 | 25.0 | 32.2 | 29.4 | 12.9 |
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| 1998 | 20.6 | 28.2 | 28.0 | 12.1 |
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| 1999 | 24.4 | 35.0 | 29.5 | 11.6 |
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| 2000 | 20.7 | 32.1 | 30.1 | 11.3 |
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| 2001 | 24.9 | 34.7 | 28.9 | 10.5 |
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| 2002 | 22.1 | 33.0 | 29.0 | 10.1 |
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| 2003 | 26.3 | 36.4 | 30.6 | 10.2 |
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| 2004 | 24.3 | 36.3 | 30.7 | 9.8 |
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| 2005 | 20.5 | 30.4 | 31.4 | 9.7 |
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| 2006 | 24.5 | 32.7 | 31.0 | 9.3 |
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| 2007 | 26.2 | 33.5 | 39.3 | 8.1 |
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| 2008 | 27.3 | 32.0 | 28.1 | 7.6 |
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| 2009 | 26.3 | 29.2 | 31.0 | 8.9 |
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| 2010 | 28.5 | 32.9 | 30.9 | 8.5 |
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| 2011 | 27.7 | 33.5 | 32.0 | 8.2 |
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| 2012 | 28.8 | 34.6 | 33.5 | 8.4 |
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| 2013 | 27.7 | 34.0 | 33.1 | 8.8 |
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| 2014 | 28.0 | 35.3 | 33.5 | 8.1 |
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| 2015 | 29.6 | 33.0 | 33.7 | 8.1 |
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| 2016 | 31.0 | 33.1 | 33.7 | 8.2 |
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| 2017 | 29.5 | 32.2 | 33.6 | 8.2 |
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| 2018 | 30.4 | 30.7 | 31.6 | 7.9 |
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| 2019 | 31.0 | 30.0 | 31.3 | 8.4 |
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| 2020 | 33.5 | 30.7 | 41.3 | 7.3 |
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| 2021 | 33.4 | 31.0 | 34.2 | 6.7 |
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| 2022 | 32.8 | 32.7 | 32.8 | 7.9 |
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| 2023 | 35.0 | 31.6 | 33.5 | 8.6 |
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| 2024 | 35.4 | 32.0 | 34.9 | 8.2 |
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| 2025 | 36.6 | 31.4 | 34.3 | 8.2 |
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| 2026 | 38.4 | 31.1 | 34.9 | 8.6 |
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| 2027 | 39.5 | 30.8 | 34.9 | 8.7 |
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| 2028 | 38.7 | 32.8 | 34.9 | 10.0 |
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| 2029 | 39.1 | 33.2 | 35.0 | 10.9 |
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| 2030 | 39.4 | 33.3 | 35.0 | 11.3 |
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Spending by type
The policy areas show what the money is spent on, not who spends it. The breakdown by type shows that: in 2025, 77% of spending went to others as transfers, to cantons, social insurance, funds and third parties, who use it for their own tasks. Its own administration (personnel; operations and armaments) takes 14%; the rest is split between investments on the one hand and interest and finance on the other.
Federal spending 2025 by type, CHF million| Type | Part | CHF million | Share |
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| Transfers | | 67,512 | 77.1 % |
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| Transfers | to cantons and municipalities | 26,690 | 30.5 % |
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| Transfers | to social insurances | 20,278 | 23.2 % |
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| Transfers | to third parties | 8,395 | 9.6 % |
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| Transfers | into special funds and special financing | 8,145 | 9.3 % |
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| Transfers | to own institutions (e.g. ETH Domain) | 4,004 | 4.6 % |
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| Investments | | 6,981 | 8.0 % |
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| Investments | National roads | 2,120 | 2.4 % |
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| Investments | Armaments material | 1,512 | 1.7 % |
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| Investments | Investment contributions | 1,357 | 1.5 % |
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| Investments | Participations | 882 | 1.0 % |
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| Investments | Buildings | 768 | 0.9 % |
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| Investments | Movables | 149 | 0.2 % |
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| Investments | Stocks | 102 | 0.1 % |
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| Investments | Loans | 46 | 0.1 % |
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| Investments | Intangible assets | 45 | 0.1 % |
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| Personnel | | 6,493 | 7.4 % |
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| Personnel | Wages | 5,220 | 6.0 % |
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| Personnel | Employer social contributions | 1,205 | 1.4 % |
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| Personnel | Other | 69 | 0.1 % |
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| Operations and armaments | | 5,542 | 6.3 % |
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| Operations and armaments | Goods, services and operations | 4,777 | 5.5 % |
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| Operations and armaments | Armaments spending | 765 | 0.9 % |
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| Interest and finance | | 1,042 | 1.2 % |
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| Interest and finance | Interest | 1,015 | 1.2 % |
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| Interest and finance | Other finance spending | 27 | 0.0 % |
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The federal workforce
Since the new count of 2016 federal positions have grown about as fast as the population, since 2007 personnel spending about as fast as GDP: measured against the country, the administration has stayed about the same size. The jump in 2016 is a new way of counting, not new positions.
Full-time positions and personnel spending of the Confederation 2025 by department| Department | Full-time positions | Personnel spending, CHF m |
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| Defence (DDPS) | 12,402 | 1,966 |
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| Finance (FDF) | 8,726 | 1,434 |
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| Foreign Affairs (FDFA) | 5,267 | 645 |
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| Justice (FDJP) | 3,299 | 574 |
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| Home Affairs (FDHA) | 2,829 | 504 |
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| Environment, Transport, Energy (DETEC) | 2,577 | 503 |
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| Economic Affairs (EAER) | 2,287 | 426 |
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| Authorities and courts | 1,681 | 394 |
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| Personnel office: central items and reserves | 134 | 47 |
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| All together | 39,202 | 6,493 |
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Federal full-time positions, population, personnel spending and GDP since 2007| Year | Full-time positions | Population, m | Personnel spending, CHF m | GDP, CHF bn |
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| 2007 | 32,105 | 7.55 | 4,462 | 599.0 |
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| 2008 | 32,398 | 7.65 | 4,555 | 622.5 |
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| 2009 | 33,056 | 7.74 | 4,828 | 613.3 |
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| 2010 | 33,312 | 7.82 | 4,894 | 636.2 |
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| 2011 | 33,054 | 7.91 | 4,945 | 645.8 |
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| 2012 | 33,309 | 8.00 | 5,070 | 654.4 |
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| 2013 | 33,892 | 8.09 | 5,459 | 666.2 |
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| 2014 | 34,772 | 8.19 | 5,371 | 679.0 |
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| 2015 | 34,911 | 8.28 | 5,467 | 679.6 |
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| 2016 | 37,339 | 8.37 | 5,465 | 688.4 |
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| 2017 | 36,946 | 8.45 | 5,619 | 695.8 |
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| 2018 | 36,522 | 8.51 | 5,616 | 724.4 |
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| 2019 | 37,027 | 8.58 | 5,760 | 731.8 |
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| 2020 | 37,689 | 8.64 | 6,026 | 709.9 |
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| 2021 | 37,972 | 8.70 | 5,983 | 768.3 |
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| 2022 | 38,058 | 8.78 | 6,062 | 819.7 |
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| 2023 | 38,596 | 8.89 | 6,234 | 837.2 |
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| 2024 | 38,962 | 9.01 | 6,414 | 860.9 |
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| 2025 | 39,202 | 9.09 | 6,493 | 881.6 |
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| 2026 | 39,460 | – | 6,629 | – |
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| 2027 | 39,642 | – | 6,732 | – |
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Sources: Bundesfinanzen – Gesamthaushalt (EFV) · Hauptaggregate und Prognosen im FS- und GFS-Modell (EFV) · Bruttoinlandprodukt, lange Serie (BFS) · Budget and state-account businesses (parlament.ch) · Internationaler Vergleich gemäss GFS-Modell: Kennzahlen (EFV) · Demografische Bilanz nach institutionellen Gliederungen (BFS)
Fiscal equalisation: who pays, who receives
Part of the transfers to the cantons is fiscal equalisation. Cantons with little tax capacity of their own receive from resource equalisation; the Confederation and the cantons with strong resources pay into it. The two cost compensations are paid by the Confederation alone, for costs a canton can hardly influence: altitude, steep terrain and sparse settlement (geographic-topographic) or poverty, old age and core-city burdens (socio-demographic).
The pots are pooled: the bands show who pays into which pot and who receives from which. There are no direct payments from one canton to another. That is why in 2026 9 cantons pay into resource equalisation, but only 7 pay on balance: Obwalden and Appenzell Innerrhoden receive more back from cost compensation.
Fiscal equalisation 2026 by canton, CHF million (per capita in francs; − pays, + receives)| Canton | Pays into resource equalisation | Receives | Overall effect | Per capita |
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| Zug | 468.7 | 2.1 | −467.3 | −3,571 |
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| Schwyz | 269.0 | 7.2 | −262.7 | −1,604 |
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| Nidwalden | 48.5 | 1.5 | −47.2 | −1,074 |
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| Basel-Stadt | 213.5 | 66.4 | −148.5 | −745 |
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| Geneva | 542.9 | 167.5 | −378.4 | −739 |
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| Zurich | 502.5 | 120.5 | −390.9 | −249 |
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| Schaffhausen | 13.1 | 1.0 | −12.7 | −150 |
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| Basel-Landschaft | – | 7.0 | +5.2 | +18 |
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| Obwalden | 5.5 | 6.5 | +0.8 | +19 |
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| Vaud | – | 124.5 | +119.9 | +145 |
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| Lucerne | – | 97.0 | +97.0 | +230 |
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| Ticino | – | 101.2 | +99.1 | +279 |
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| Appenzell Innerrhoden | 1.2 | 9.1 | +7.8 | +474 |
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| Appenzell Ausserrhoden | – | 46.5 | +46.2 | +829 |
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| Aargau | – | 602.7 | +598.8 | +850 |
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| Thurgau | – | 258.5 | +256.9 | +896 |
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| St. Gallen | – | 499.1 | +495.8 | +953 |
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| Graubünden | – | 211.3 | +209.9 | +1,010 |
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| Bern | – | 1,566.8 | +1,566.9 | +1,489 |
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| Neuchâtel | – | 270.7 | +270.7 | +1,523 |
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| Solothurn | – | 466.6 | +464.8 | +1,654 |
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| Fribourg | – | 576.3 | +576.2 | +1,747 |
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| Glarus | – | 73.2 | +73.2 | +1,767 |
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| Uri | – | 73.9 | +73.6 | +1,974 |
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| Jura | – | 176.5 | +176.6 | +2,384 |
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| Valais | – | 863.5 | +861.5 | +2,395 |
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Sources: Finanzausgleich zwischen Bund und Kantonen (NFA) (EFV) · Bundesfinanzen – Gesamthaushalt (EFV) · Hauptaggregate und Prognosen im FS- und GFS-Modell (EFV) · Bruttoinlandprodukt, lange Serie (BFS)
The Confederation’s largest suppliers
In the breakdown by type above, the Confederation's purchases sit mainly in two types: operations and armaments on the one hand and investments on the other. The list below shows the contracts behind them, from CHF 50,000. Their volume covers the whole contract term, often several years, so it cannot be compared with the yearly spending above. Without a tender the Confederation awards mainly smaller contracts: their share of contracts is larger than their share of volume.
Contract volume by department 2021–2025, CHF million| Department | Volume | Contracts | Suppliers |
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| Defence (DDPS) | 16,853.2 | 19,772 | 4,501 |
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| Environment, Transport, Energy (DETEC) | 10,751.7 | 9,851 | 3,544 |
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| Finance (FDF) | 4,673.7 | 9,905 | 3,040 |
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| Justice (FDJP) | 1,056.4 | 1,295 | 442 |
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| Economic Affairs (EAER) | 828.2 | 1,733 | 863 |
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| Foreign Affairs (FDFA) | 802.8 | 2,014 | 1,294 |
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| Home Affairs (FDHA) | 756.1 | 2,642 | 1,161 |
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| Parliament, Federal Council, Federal Chancellery | 167.5 | 496 | 215 |
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The Confederation’s 25 largest suppliers 2021–2025, CHF million| Rank | Supplier | Main category | Mostly for | Volume | Contracts |
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| 1 | US Air Force FMS | Aviation systems | Defence (DDPS) | 5,461.2 | 2 |
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| 2 | US Army FMS | Aviation systems | Defence (DDPS) | 1,782.1 | 2 |
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| 3 | General Dynamics European Land Systems - Mowag GmbH | Vehicles | Defence (DDPS) | 795.9 | 638 |
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| 4 | ARGE secondo tubo c/o Implenia Schweiz AG | National roads construction | Environment, Transport, Energy (DETEC) | 561.0 | 3 |
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| 5 | RUAG AG | Aviation systems | Defence (DDPS) | 504.9 | 640 |
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| 6 | Consorzio Gottardo Sud, Lotto 341 c/o Marti Tunnel AG | National roads construction | Environment, Transport, Energy (DETEC) | 498.9 | 1 |
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| 7 | Swisscom (Schweiz) AG | IT services | Defence (DDPS) | 382.3 | 448 |
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| 8 | swenex - swiss energy exchange Ltd | Electricity and energy sources | Defence (DDPS) | 377.9 | 187 |
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| 9 | Implenia Schweiz AG | National roads construction | Environment, Transport, Energy (DETEC) | 229.3 | 64 |
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| 10 | ARGE Marti Brienzersee | National roads construction | Environment, Transport, Energy (DETEC) | 204.5 | 3 |
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| 11 | NOVO Business Consultants AG | IT services | Defence (DDPS) | 199.1 | 129 |
|---|
| 12 | ARGE LUWA | National roads construction | Environment, Transport, Energy (DETEC) | 198.2 | 1 |
|---|
| 13 | SwissP Defence AG | Weapons, ammunition, explosives | Defence (DDPS) | 185.0 | 36 |
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| 14 | Arge GUBRI c/o Anliker AGBauunternehmung | National roads construction | Environment, Transport, Energy (DETEC) | 184.0 | 1 |
|---|
| 15 | ARGE Stadtautobahn | National roads construction | Environment, Transport, Energy (DETEC) | 177.8 | 2 |
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| 16 | Consorzio GL 202 | National roads construction | Environment, Transport, Energy (DETEC) | 170.3 | 1 |
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| 17 | ARGE 4-Spur | National roads construction | Environment, Transport, Energy (DETEC) | 170.0 | 1 |
|---|
| 18 | Rheinmetall Waffe Munition GmbH | Weapons, ammunition, explosives | Defence (DDPS) | 161.3 | 26 |
|---|
| 19 | SAP (Schweiz) AG | Software and licences | Finance (FDF) | 161.0 | 75 |
|---|
| 20 | Thales Simulation & Training AG | Training systems (simulators) | Defence (DDPS) | 147.3 | 219 |
|---|
| 21 | Microsoft Ireland Operations Ltd | Software and licences | Finance (FDF) | 144.1 | 7 |
|---|
| 22 | Elbit Systems Ltd Advanced Technology Center | Aviation systems | Defence (DDPS) | 144.0 | 15 |
|---|
| 23 | ARGE MGM Le Locle | National roads construction | Environment, Transport, Energy (DETEC) | 140.0 | 1 |
|---|
| 24 | IBM Schweiz AG | IT services | Finance (FDF) | 137.6 | 91 |
|---|
| 25 | Thales LAS France SAS | Software for military systems | Defence (DDPS) | 137.4 | 27 |
|---|
Sources: Bekanntgabe der Beschaffungen ab 50 000 Franken (BKB)
What was counted
The federal budget, spending by type and the staff count the federal budget of the central Federal Administration (FFA), without separate accounts and social insurance; their totals match. Fiscal equalisation and the procurement contracts each have their own perimeter, and the debt comparison with the OECD counts all levels of government.
Years up to 2025 have closed accounts (state accounts), 2026 is a projection, 2027 the budget, then the financial plan. The FFA overwrites budget and plan figures with every update.
Breaks in the series: in 2016 the FFA counts positions with a new definition, since 2018 the grid surcharge (energy) runs through the budget and makes “Economy” jump, in 2023 the accounting model changed, which is why the breakdown by type starts only in 2023.
The figures and statements in the text are computed from the data too: if the data change, the text changes, or a sentence drops out.